Amino acids are a vast group of organic compounds of high importance to humans and the natural world. The molecules of these compounds have two functional groups: amino and carboxyl groups. Their presence determines the unique properties of these substances. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are responsible for growing muscles, tissues and skin. The human body needs around 20 different amino acids to ensure the proper vital functions – so they are extremely important.
Amino acids are chemical compounds primarily built of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen atoms. Their molecules have two functional groups: amino and carboxyl groups. Amino acids are classified on the basis of several criteria. One of them is the position of the amino group in the molecule. Depending on which carbon atom the amino group is linked to, we distinguish alpha, beta or gamma amino acids. The number of functional groups in an amino acid molecule is important, too. Those with an equal number of amino and carboxyl groups are called neutral, those with dominating amino groups are basic, and those with dominating carboxyl groups are acidic. Considering these and other classification criteria and their chemical structure, it is easy to see the broad variety of these compounds. The nomenclature of amino acids is based on the name of the carboxylic acid that makes up the molecule and on the position of the amino group. The systematic names are used in parallel with common names, which have permanently entered the chemical vocabulary.
Amino acids are key components necessary for proper protein synthesis in the human body. As many as about twenty are needed in the human body. A certain proportion of these compounds can be synthesised in the body, enabling it to provide an adequate amount on its own. Such amino acids are called endogenous (or non-essential). Otherwise, amino acids must be supplied to the body with food or with supplementation – and these are called exogenous or essential amino acids. Endogenous amino acids can be produced by the body on its own, by converting another amino acid that has been supplied with food, or by using the metabolites of other chemical compounds. In exceptional situations, when the body is deficient in certain components such as carbohydrates, the human body may not be able to produce the necessary compounds on its own, which can lead to disorders or diseases. Therefore, you should pay particular attention to your diet in order to ensure all the necessary elements to keep you healthy.
Tyrosine is one of the crucial endogenous amino acids required for protein synthesis. The compound was isolated in the 19th century from casein derived from cheese. The main stereoisomer of this compound is L-tyrosine. Tyrosine, as an endogenous amino acid, is synthesised in the human body, however, for this to be possible, it requires the presence of another representative of this chemical group, namely phenylalanine. If it is supplied in insufficient amounts, this will lead to a deficit in tyrosine.
Tyrosine is involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and hormones. Its derivatives can convert, for example, to adrenaline, a key substance that prepares the human body to cope with extreme situations. Numerous studies show that this compound is an important element responsible for maintaining good mental health. What is more, this amino acid is involved in the synthesis of thyroid hormones and has a major influence on the development of thyroid diseases. Tyrosine is mainly found in products such as cheese and other dairy products, meat, fish, pulses, beans and nuts. Tyrosine can also be supplemented.
Cysteine is an endogenous amino acid whose structure includes a thiol group, -SH. In human cells, its level is very low, which is a kind of defence mechanism against its toxicity that is particularly dangerous for the central nervous system. The body regulates the concentration of cysteine on its own, using reactions that lead to its integration into protein structures and peptides through aerobic and anaerobic processes. Despite its toxicity, cysteine is one of the most important amino acids that build the proteins of living organisms. It is involved in the chemical and biochemical syntheses of numerous compounds, including collagen, glutathione and many hormones. Cysteine helps you stay healthy and boosts your immunity. It has expectorant properties, helping to clear the lungs and bronchi, and relieves many symptoms of the common cold. Its antioxidant effects are especially important for people at risk of cancer. Cysteine was also demonstrated to help treat infertility in men by enhancing sperm motility and viability.
Cysteine is synthesised by the human body. It can also be supplied with the right foods. Cysteine is found, among others, in soy beans, pistachios, sunflower seeds, mint, chicken eggs, cheese (especially Parmesan), legumes and even milk.
Glutamic acid is an endogenous amino acid and is the key neurotransmitter that enables the conduction of nerve impulses. It has a major impact on human mental and physical development. It is responsible for learning and memory processes, as it is involved in the formation of memory traces, or engrams, in the brain. Its deficiency can promote, for instance, the development of Alzheimer’s disease. As with cysteine, too much glutamic acid in the body is not beneficial due to its toxicity. Although glutamic acid is essential for normal brain function, its excess leads to nerve cell damage. This results, among others, in cognitive impairments. A glutamic acid salt, or monosodium glutamate, is a popular food additive that enhances flavour.
External sources of glutamic acid include mainly meat, fish and eggs. In addition, it can be found in almonds, avocados, carrots, corn, garlic, peas, soy beans, walnuts, potatoes, onions and others.
Asparagine, also known as DAA, is another very important endogenous acidic amino acid. In the human body, this compound is synthesised through the reaction of oxaloacetate and glutamate. Asparagine is used as an ingredient in formulas aimed at strengthening and regenerating the body. Because of its properties, it is used to relieve mental and physical fatigue. Sometimes, it is also used in recovery processes following surgical procedures. Other known uses of asparagine include the treatment of disorders in children and cognitive functions in seniors.
Asparagine is found in seafood, asparagus, potatoes or dairy products. You can also supply it by eating legumes or nuts. Asparagine should not be confused with aspartame, which is a derivative of asparagine and a popular sweetener. Asparagine is also available in the form of dietary supplements.
Proline is an example of an endogenous amino acid, which contains a five-membered pyrrolidine ring in its structure. It demonstrated glucogenic activity, which means it can be used to synthesise glucose. First and foremost, however, proline is the most important building block of collagen responsible for the healthy appearance of the skin. It constitutes about 20% of this fraction. Proline exerts a significant effect on all protein systems. It supports the removal of damaged structures. It also has the ability to bind water. Therefore, by maintaining hydration, it helps keep the skin, hair and nails in good condition. The amount of proline in the body directly translates into the health of your joints.
Proline is naturally synthesised in the human body. However, in case of severe proline deficiencies, supplementation may be necessary. The best source of proline are high-protein products, preferably of animal origin. To supply your body with proline, it is recommended to eat liver, beef, poultry, eggs or shellfish. Also gelatine is a good source of proline.
Find your place at the PCC Group. Learn about our offer and keep developing with us.
Unpaid summer internships for students and graduates of all courses.
