Starting out in chemistry and looking for information to expand your knowledge? In this section, you will find the necessary basics and many interesting facts about chemistry!
Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, are reactions in which the oxidation states of selected elements contained in the reacting chemicals is altered. This is because individual atoms are able to exchange electrons with each other. The oxidation process always occurs simultaneously with the reduction. Reactions of donating and accepting electrons by atoms are written as […]
One of the criteria by which chemical reactions can be divided is their rate of progression. Broadly generalising, it can be said that, in chemistry, we are dealing with reactions that proceed at high speed (such a process is often visible to the naked eye) and those that proceed so slowly that they are almost […]
The Tollens’ test, named after the German chemist, Bernhard Tollens, who developed it, is the best-known aldehyde detection reaction. It is also used for other substances with reducing properties. These include, for example, sugars. Under laboratory conditions, the Tollens’ test is most commonly used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones, but the test is also used […]
Hydrocarbons are one of the most numerous groups of compounds in organic chemistry. They are primarily made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms which, when joined together, form a chain. If there are unstable unsaturated, i.e. double or triple, bonds between them, the attachment of a molecule containing an element from group 17 of the […]
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are one of the most important groups of compounds in organic chemistry. Despite being composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, they form numerous compounds with diverse structures. We can distinguish saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons – alkanes – in which all the bonds are single, and unsaturated hydrocarbons containing multiple (double or triple) bonds […]
The rate of chemical reactions depends on a number of factors, including the temperature or the concentration of the reactants. As it turns out, a small addition of a foreign substance can affect the kinetics of the reaction and thus speed it up considerably. This issue is the subject of catalysis. It is now of […]
Every day, chemical reactions take place all around us. In the course of a reaction, substrates are transformed and different products are formed, often having completely different properties. Chemical reactions can be classified according to various criteria, including the physical state of the substrates and products or the energy effect. However, they are most often […]
A homogeneous mixture of at least two substances is considered a solution. Although we think of a solution mainly as a liquid, gaseous and solid mixtures are also solutions. Nevertheless, a very large group of chemical reactions, both on a laboratory and industrial scale, occurs in an aqueous environment. There are three types of liquid […]
Mineral raw materials are used in virtually every sector of the economy. The deposits of individual mineral resources belong to natural resources of a country and have a fundamental impact on the economic development of the country and, consequently, on the improvement of its citizens’ standard of living. The most important mineral resources include crude […]
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