Starting out in chemistry and looking for information to expand your knowledge? In this section, you will find the necessary basics and many interesting facts about chemistry!
Ozone is one of the allotropic varieties of elemental oxygen. In the stratosphere, it forms a protective coating called the ozone layer. In recent decades, there has been a loss of ozone in this layer. This phenomenon is particularly observed in circumpolar regions and poses a major threat to the organisms that live there. The […]
Acid rain is one of the many factors that negatively affect the environment and human health. This phenomenon is mainly caused by anthropogenic activities. Acid rain disrupts ecosystems, damages architectural and cultural objects and, above all, poses a threat to human health. In order to minimise the negative impact of this phenomenon, a number of […]
This is a group of inorganic compounds formed by the combination of various elements with oxygen. Their general formula is XnOm, where “X” is any element, “O” is oxygen, always in the second oxidation state, and the letters “n,m” in the lower index are coefficients. Examples of oxides: water H2O, potassium oxide K2O, aluminium oxide […]
Proteins are large biomolecules which are the basic structural components of all living organisms. They are macromolecular compounds containing α-amino acid residues and amide bonds, otherwise known as peptide bonds. The molecular weight of proteins exceeds 10,000 daltons (Da). The peptides of lower molecular weights constitute a separate group known as oligopeptides. Common proteins are […]
The term ‘glass’ is commonly used for amorphous materials formed as a result of rapid cooling of a liquid, bypassing the crystallization phase. From a structural point of view, glass is a solid with a non-periodic lattice of atoms. Silicon, boron and phosphorus oxides, i.e. SiO2, B2O3 and P4O10, and their alloys with other oxides, […]
Polymerization is a reaction leading to the connection of some molecules of organic compounds into longer chains or networks. The process leads to the formation of macromolecules of molecular weight above 10,000 u. Molecules prone to polymerization are called monomers. The products of these transformations are known as polymers.
Isomerism is an important topic in organic chemistry. Isomers are chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. The number of possible isomers is so great that it requires noting structural or semi-structural formulas of organic compounds. The structure of individual isomers affects their properties, e.g. boiling point or solubility.
Ketones are organic compounds which are derivatives of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. They are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (=C=O) in their molecules, combined with two alkyl groups. Due to their properties, ketones are important components in the chemical industry. The most important of them, acetone, has been used in the construction industry, […]
Organic compounds in which one or more hydroxyl groups are attached to an aromatic ring are known as phenols. They have antiseptic and disinfecting properties. They are used, among others, in the production of medicines, as components of developers in photography or components for the production of vanillin. Polyhydrogen phenols, or polyphenols, occur naturally in […]
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