Starting out in chemistry and looking for information to expand your knowledge? In this section, you will find the necessary basics and many interesting facts about chemistry!
In nature, esters are the largest group of chemical compounds. This group includes, among others, fats, waxes and essential oils. Diverse physical and chemical properties of esters determine their wide range of applications. They are used as ingredients of perfumes, cosmetics and fragrance essences. They are good solvents for paints and varnishes. In addition, they […]
Amines are widely distributed in nature. As chemical compounds or in their free state, they are found in plants and animals, where they perform a number of important life functions. Currently, it is difficult to imagine a world without amines. The demand for them is constantly growing. They are used in various products such as […]
In chemistry, we often use terms such as “concentrated solution”, “diluted solution” or “saturated solution”, but they give us only a basic outline of whether the solution contains a large or a small amount of a particular substance. However, there are a few methods which help us accurately determine the quantitative composition of a given […]
Colloidal systems are mixtures that are non-homogeneous from both physical and chemical points of view. They are characterised by a specific degree of phase fragmentation, and it is crucial that one of phases is dispersed in the other. The dispersed phase is present in very small amounts compared to the other phase, which constitutes a […]
It is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with processes in terms of the probability, energy effects, and states of equilibrium. Thermodynamics is an empirical science that requires experiments, observations, developing theories that explain the course of specific reactions, and predicting the outcomes of further experiments.
Hydrides are compounds consisting of hydrogen atoms linked with other elements, having the general formula XmHn. They are composed of only two elements. Depending on the electronegativity of the other element present in the molecule, we distinguish saline, covalent and metallic hydrides.
Electrochemical cells, also known as galvanic cells, are devices enabling the direct conversion of the energy of chemical bonds into electrical work. They consist of two electrodes, which are metallic conductors. They remain in constant contact with an ionic conductor – a liquid or solid electrolyte. A single electrode with the surrounding electrolyte constitutes a […]
The Earth can be divided into three basic layers. The first and most internal one is called the core. It is followed by the mantle, which forms the middle layer, with its upper section classified to the lithosphere (the external shell of the Earth). The last and most external layer is the crust. It is […]
Compounds belonging to this group are among the most common organic molecules both in nature and in the chemical industry. A vast number of substances required by living organisms contains the aldehyde functional group -CHO. In industry, simple aldehydes are used as solvents or substrates for further chemical transformations and manufacturing of useful products. For […]
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