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Electronegativity is a quantity that reflects the tendency of a given atom within a molecule to attract electrons towards itself. In practice, it is the ability of an atom or functional groups to attract electron density. The most commonly used scale associated with this quantity is the one introduced by Linus Pauling, which makes it […]
Spectroscopic methods are a group of methods in which signal is produced by the interaction of electromagnetic or corpuscular radiation with the examined sample. This radiation can arise as a result of periodic changes in the electromagnetic field associated with energy transfer. These methods are used to determine the concentration or content of atoms in […]
Next to alkanes, alcohols, phenols or ketones, amides are yet another group of organic compounds that are characterised by specific properties. Amides are usually formed by the reaction of carboxylic acids with amines. These are chemical compounds that are common in nature or are obtained through synthetic chemical processing. With their numerous advantages, they are […]
Chemically speaking, ethylene oxide is the simplest of cyclic ethers, also known as epoxides. Its importance in various industries is evidenced by the annual production volume of this chemical compound. It is used primarily as an intermediate in the production of industrial chemicals such as ethylene glycol, as a fumigant in certain agricultural products, and […]
In nature, amino acids are a vast group of organic compounds. These are substances that contain at least one amine group and one carboxyl group in their structure. They also play an important role in the human body. They support a number of biochemical processes responsible for keeping you fit and healthy, they are the […]
Redox reactions, or oxidation-reduction reactions, are reactions in which the oxidation states of selected elements contained in the reacting chemicals is altered. This is because individual atoms are able to exchange electrons with each other. The oxidation process always occurs simultaneously with the reduction. Reactions of donating and accepting electrons by atoms are written as […]
One of the criteria by which chemical reactions can be divided is their rate of progression. Broadly generalising, it can be said that, in chemistry, we are dealing with reactions that proceed at high speed (such a process is often visible to the naked eye) and those that proceed so slowly that they are almost […]
The Tollens’ test, named after the German chemist, Bernhard Tollens, who developed it, is the best-known aldehyde detection reaction. It is also used for other substances with reducing properties. These include, for example, sugars. Under laboratory conditions, the Tollens’ test is most commonly used to distinguish aldehydes from ketones, but the test is also used […]
Hydrocarbons are one of the most numerous groups of compounds in organic chemistry. They are primarily made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms which, when joined together, form a chain. If there are unstable unsaturated, i.e. double or triple, bonds between them, the attachment of a molecule containing an element from group 17 of the […]
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