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Ketones are organic compounds which are derivatives of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. They are characterized by the presence of a carbonyl group (=C=O) in their molecules, combined with two alkyl groups. Due to their properties, ketones are important components in the chemical industry. The most important of them, acetone, has been used in the construction industry, […]
Organic compounds in which one or more hydroxyl groups are attached to an aromatic ring are known as phenols. They have antiseptic and disinfecting properties. They are used, among others, in the production of medicines, as components of developers in photography or components for the production of vanillin. Polyhydrogen phenols, or polyphenols, occur naturally in […]
In nature, esters are the largest group of chemical compounds. This group includes, among others, fats, waxes and essential oils. Diverse physical and chemical properties of esters determine their wide range of applications. They are used as ingredients of perfumes, cosmetics and fragrance essences. They are good solvents for paints and varnishes. In addition, they […]
Amines are widely distributed in nature. As chemical compounds or in their free state, they are found in plants and animals, where they perform a number of important life functions. Currently, it is difficult to imagine a world without amines. The demand for them is constantly growing. They are used in various products such as […]
Colloidal systems are mixtures that are non-homogeneous from both physical and chemical points of view. They are characterised by a specific degree of phase fragmentation, and it is crucial that one of phases is dispersed in the other. The dispersed phase is present in very small amounts compared to the other phase, which constitutes a […]
It is a branch of physical chemistry that deals with processes in terms of the probability, energy effects, and states of equilibrium. Thermodynamics is an empirical science that requires experiments, observations, developing theories that explain the course of specific reactions, and predicting the outcomes of further experiments.
Hydrides are compounds consisting of hydrogen atoms linked with other elements, having the general formula XmHn. They are composed of only two elements. Depending on the electronegativity of the other element present in the molecule, we distinguish saline, covalent and metallic hydrides.
Electrochemical cells, also known as galvanic cells, are devices enabling the direct conversion of the energy of chemical bonds into electrical work. They consist of two electrodes, which are metallic conductors. They remain in constant contact with an ionic conductor – a liquid or solid electrolyte. A single electrode with the surrounding electrolyte constitutes a […]
It is one of the oldest instrumental methods used in chemical analysis. Its foundations were laid by L. Galvani, C.A. Volta, J.W. Gibbs, and W. Nernst between the 18th and 19th centuries. Measurements performed with potentiometric methods use the electromotive force (EMF) of a cell built of two electrodes immersed in the tested solution. The […]
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