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Compounds belonging to this group are among the most common organic molecules both in nature and in the chemical industry. A vast number of substances required by living organisms contains the aldehyde functional group -CHO. In industry, simple aldehydes are used as solvents or substrates for further chemical transformations and manufacturing of useful products. For […]
The basis of electroanalytical methods is the use of solutions with electrochemical properties. Aqueous solutions of electrolytes play a particularly important role. They contain ions, i.e. moieties with a negative or positive electric charge. They also affect the electrostatic interactions that occur in electrolyte solutions.
The term “diffusion” describes the movement of energy or molecules/particles in a given medium as a result of their chaotic collisions with each other or with particles of the surrounding medium. Most often, we talk about diffusion in the context of molecular transfer caused by differences in concentration. Diffusion is a process commonly observed in […]
By definition, luminescence is the emission of light by cold objects, as opposed to incandescence, which is the emission of light by hot objects. Simply put, it is radiation of non-thermal origin. In molecular terms, it is a phenomenon resulting from the transition of molecules from an excited state to the basic state. As a […]
In the case of chemical reactions, complete conversion of substrates to products is observed only for a small part of them. The vast majority, including those occurring in our body, are reversible. For such processes, a state of chemical equilibrium is established. This is an extremely important concept in chemistry, which is associated with, for […]
Solutions are an indispensable element in the everyday work of a chemist. They play a particularly important role in volumetric chemical analysis, which is still successfully used for routine determinations. An important role is played by standard solutions, i.e. with an exactly known concentration.
The vast majority of substances that occur in our environment are mixtures. They consist of two or more components in different physical states. Taking into account the type of mixture and the physico-chemical properties of its components, various separation methods can be applied. The most important of them are presented below and briefly discussed.
As a nation, we can and should be proud of the fact that Poles have made a significant contribution to the development of so many scientific disciplines. One of the fields pioneered by our scientists is chemistry – prominent Polish chemists and their achievements are known all over the world. The discoveries of many of […]
All objects and phenomena surrounding us, existing and occurring independently of our will, are called matter. Every experimentally detectable form is a part of it. Existing objects constitute physical bodies, which in turn are called substances. It is a type of matter with a constant chemical composition that a given body consists of. For example, […]
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