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Obtaining electricity from nuclear fission processes is undoubtedly an important aspect of modern power engineering. A nuclear reactor is a device in which a controlled nuclear reaction is carried out. Reactors are the main equipment of nuclear power plants where nuclear energy is converted into electricity. Reactors are also one of the propulsion elements of […]
Chemistry is an experimental science that requires understanding the laws and relationships between substances in the world. Some of them are commonly accepted assumptions aimed at ordering certain characteristics. Others, on the other hand, allow for a qualitative or quantitative assessment of the results of the reactions carried out.
Colloidal systems are physically and chemically heterogeneous mixtures. These are dispersion systems, usually two-component, with the appearance of physically homogeneous systems, although in fact both components are not molecularly mixed with each other. The term ‘colloidal’ refers to an order of magnitude particle dispersed in a certain medium that has a diameter dimension of approximately […]
Carbon is the most common element on Earth. It creates numerous bonds, mainly with hydrogen and oxygen. There are three known isotopes of carbon: 12C, 13C and 14C. The latter, due to its radioactive properties, is colloquially called radiocarbon. Its most important application is determining the age of geological formations and archaeological objects. In addition, […]
Lasers are commonly used for a variety of applications. They differ depending on the, operating active medium, power, method of operation, or application. Examples of the possibilities of using lasers include cutting materials, measuring distances, performing cosmetic procedures, removing tattoos, recording and reproducing sounds and images, optical telecommunications and many others. Such numerous functions and […]
Looking at their structure, carboxylic acids are important organic compounds, and they are acyl derivatives. They are a kind of building materials for many derivatives, including esters and amides. In nature, we can find a whole range of various carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid CH3COOH, which is the basic compound of table vinegar, butyric […]
Although they constitute only a small percentage of all organic compounds, the importance of liquid crystals is growing all the time. Their increasingly broad practical use and their occurrence in many systems, e.g. biological, make liquid crystal phases interesting not only to researchers from various fields. The result of the work of scientists carried out […]
The phenomenon of radioactivity (or radioactive emission) was first observed during Henri Becquerel’s experiment on X-rays (Roentgen radiation) in 1896. His experiment was to confirm the thesis regarding materials made of uranium, according to which it was supposed to emit X-rays after absorbing sunlight.
Atoms are the tiny units that make up all the matter in the universe. The energy of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. It is the force that holds the components of the nucleus together. A large amount of energy is stored in the atomic nucleus. In order to be transformed, for example, into […]
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