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Many existing substances and compounds owe their properties to chemical bonds. Bonds hold atoms of specific elements together to make up a molecule. The nature of the bond that links them determines the strength of such a link.
Analytical chemistry provides chemists with a number of tools for qualitative analysis of selected chemical compounds. These tools are called “characteristic reactions”. They enable to identify a selected chemical species based on the observation or measurement of a change in a characteristic feature. Trommer’s test is an example of such a characteristic reaction.
Organic chemistry is a field where many areas are focused on carbon atoms as the basic structural component of each compound from that group. Most organic compounds also contain in their structure hydrogen and oxygen atoms, as well as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine atoms. However, the most important molecule is carbon, given its special […]
Deliberations on various phenomena and processes must be multilayered. We should take into account both the microscopic and macroscopic properties. As the names suggest, this division is made by separating the orders of magnitude of the analysed items. The macroscopic domain, closely linked to the thermodynamics of chemical reactions, allows us to observe and measure […]
Dissociation, in chemical context, means the decomposition of a substance into other molecules. The word comes from the Latin term “dissociatio”, meaning “separation”. In scientific nomenclature, dissociation has various definitions, as it also has its specific meaning in psychology. But let us focus on what dissociation means in chemistry. Depending on the course of the […]
The term “pH buffers” refers to such aqueous solutions which do not change their pH value despite introducing a small amount of bases or acids, or during dilution. In practical terms, they are mixtures of solutions of weak acids and their salts with concentrated strong bases (proton donor –proton acceptor) or, analogously, mixtures of solutions […]
The energy of chemical reactions is one of the important elements that allow us to understand the transformations that occur in a chemical reaction. During such a transformation, chemical compounds are produced with a structure and chemical composition different than those of the raw materials they are made of. In the course of a chemical […]
As time passes, we can observe the growth of fuel consumption. Unfortunately, the distillation of fractional crude oil does not ensure an adequately high amount of fuel, so it cannot be the only source covering the demand. In consequence, various methods of fuel production have been developed, the most important being the processing of hard […]
In terms of chemical structure, alkanes belong to the group of hydrocarbons. These compounds contain only two types of atoms: carbon and hydrogen. They are composed of the base carbon framework linked with hydrogen atoms. Alkanes have only single bonds, which is why they are called saturated hydrocarbons.
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