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In terms of molecular structure, sugars can be classified as polyhydroxyaldehydes or polyhydroxyketones and products of their condensation. That group of compounds, also referred to as carbohydrates, has the following generalised molecular formula: Cn(H2O)n or CnH2nOn
Reforming is a process that consists in the conversion of hydrocarbons with simple chains into hydrocarbons with branched chains or rings. It is a reaction that is usually aimed at producing fuel with a high octane number from light fractions of crude oil or cracking products. Among these products, we can distinguish motor petrols and […]
Amino acids are a group of organic compounds whose structure consists of the atoms of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen as well as a variable lateral chain group. They are bifunctional compounds whose molecules include COOH carboxyl groups and NH2 amine groups.
In chemical terms, fats (also called glycerides) are mixtures of glycerol and long chain esters of carboxylic (fatty) acids containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule. A fat molecule may include acid radicals originating from different carboxylic acids. The whole group is classified as organic chemical compounds from the category of lipids. Since fats […]
The corrosion of materials is a common phenomenon that cannot be entirely eliminated. Corrosive degradation is often classified as one of the main reasons of material loss. Additionally, it contributes to environmental pollution and is dangerous to human health. Learning about corrosion mechanisms and the methods of protection against material degradation allows us to safeguard […]
Peptide bond is one of the most important bonds existing in nature. It interlinks individual molecules of amino acids to form peptide and protein structures. In addition, it shows unique properties owing to the existence of, for example, mesomeric forms, or the possible rotation of functional groups around the carbon-nitrogen bond.
Among the criteria for classifying chemical reactions is the classification according to the energy effect. Therefore, we can distinguish, among others, energy reactions, the course of which requires energy supply – endoenergetic reactions. Knowledge of the mechanism of reactions allows not only to better understand the reality, but also to improve and develop a number […]
Hydroxides are an important group of chemical compounds. Their chemical properties are mainly based on the fact that their molecules contains a hydroxyl group which gives them a basic pH. Hydroxides are commonly applied in the chemical, plastics and tanning industries as well as in construction.
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, which, like alkanes, form a homologous series. However, unlike alkanes, alkenes have one multiple bond – a double bond – between carbon atoms. The remaining ones are single bonds, but the occurrence of even one multiple bond in a molecule makes the hydrocarbon an unsaturated compound.
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